I77.3

Clinical Causes: The exact cause of fibromuscular dysplasia remains unknown. Genetic factors may play a role, as some cases appear to run in families. Hormonal influences, such as those related to estrogen, might contribute to its development. Structural changes in the arterial wall are thought to result from abnormal growth or remodeling of the muscular layer. Environmental factors, including certain lifestyle influences, are under investigation but not conclusively linked.

Key Symptoms: High blood pressure, especially if caused by renal artery involvement. Headaches or pulsatile tinnitus in cases involving carotid arteries. Dizziness or episodes of sudden neurological symptoms if cerebral arteries are affected. Asymptomatic cases are common, with the condition often found incidentally during imaging tests. Rarely, artery rupture or dissection can cause acute symptoms requiring immediate medical attention.

Diagnosis Path: Doppler ultrasound — a non-invasive test that can detect abnormal blood flow patterns. Computed tomography angiography (CTA) — provides detailed images of blood vessels. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) — helps visualize arterial abnormalities without radiation exposure. Conventional catheter-based angiography — considered the gold standard for confirming FMD and assessing the extent of arterial involvement.

Treatment Protocols: Blood pressure control through medications such as antihypertensives. Endovascular procedures like angioplasty — using a balloon to widen narrowed arteries — are often effective, especially in renal artery involvement. Surgical interventions are considered in severe cases or when angioplasty is unsuccessful. Regular monitoring through imaging to track progression or stability of the condition. Lifestyle modifications, including healthy diet, regular exercise, and avoiding smoking, to support overall vascular health.