A30.3

Clinical Causes: Infection with Mycobacterium leprae bacteria Prolonged exposure to untreated leprosy cases, especially in endemic areas Transmission mainly through respiratory droplets from an infected person Genetic factors that may influence susceptibility Immune response variations that lead to a borderline classification

Key Symptoms: Skin lesions that are lighter or darker than normal skin, with possible loss of sensation Numbness or reduced sensation in affected areas Skin plaques that may be raised or flat Weakness or muscle weakness in certain parts of the body Nerve enlargement or tenderness Loss of eyebrows or eyelashes in some cases Subtle changes in skin pigmentation that may be symmetrically distributed

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis of borderline leprosy involves a comprehensive clinical examination, including assessment of skin lesions and nerve involvement. A skin smear or biopsy may be performed to detect acid-fast bacilli (AFB). Laboratory tests support the clinical findings, but diagnosis primarily hinges on characteristic skin and nerve symptoms. Accurate staging assists in selecting appropriate therapy and monitoring disease progression.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment focuses on multidrug therapy (MDT) to eradicate the bacteria and halt disease progression. Typical regimens include a combination of antibiotics such as dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine, administered over several months to years. Regular follow-up is crucial to monitor responses, manage side effects, and prevent disabilities. Supportive care such as physical therapy may be recommended to preserve function.