A30.9

Clinical Causes: The disease is caused by infection with the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae. Transmission primarily occurs through prolonged contact with an untreated person who has infectious leprosy, especially via respiratory droplets. Close and frequent contact with an infected individual increases the risk of transmission. It is not highly contagious and requires prolonged exposure for infection to develop. Certain genetic factors may influence susceptibility, making some individuals more prone to developing the disease after exposure.

Key Symptoms: Skin lesions that are lighter or darker than normal and may be numb or lack sensation. Nerve damage leading to numbness, muscle weakness, or loss of sensation in extremities. Thickening or dry feeling of the skin in affected areas. Numbness or loss of sensation in parts of the face, particularly around the eyes and nose. Loss of eyebrows or eyelashes in advanced cases. Muscle weakness, especially in the hands and feet, which can lead to deformities. Nasal congestion or ulceration in the nasal cavity in some cases. Disfigurement and deformities can occur if the disease is not treated early.

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis is based on clinical evaluation of skin lesions, nerve function assessments, and skin smears or biopsies to detect Mycobacterium leprae. Laboratory tests, including skin smears, can reveal the presence of acid-fast bacilli. A detailed medical history and physical examination help determine the disease's progression and extent. In some cases, additional tests such as nerve conduction studies or histopathology are used to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment involves multi-drug therapy (MDT) prescribed by healthcare professionals. The World Health Organization recommends a combination of antibiotics such as rifampicin, dapsone, and clofazimine, administered over several months depending on the disease's classification and severity. Early diagnosis and consistent treatment are essential to prevent nerve damage, disabilities, and transmission. Supportive care, including physical therapy and skin care, may be necessary to manage deformities or disabilities resulting from the disease. Regular follow-up is important to monitor response to treatment and prevent relapse.