H15.02

Clinical Causes: Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or granulomatosis with polyangiitis Infections including bacterial, viral, or fungal pathogens Trauma or injury to the eye Idiopathic origins, where no specific cause can be identified Associated systemic inflammatory conditions Previous ocular surgeries or procedures

Key Symptoms: Severe, deep eye pain that may radiate to the face or head Noticeable swelling and firmness in the scleral area Redness of the eye, often appearing as a diffuse redness Decreased visual acuity or blurred vision Sensitivity to light (photophobia) Tearing or discharge from the eye Possible signs of systemic illness such as fever or fatigue, depending on underlying cause

Diagnosis Path: Detailed medical history to identify any systemic conditions or recent trauma Slit-lamp examination to assess the scleral inflammation and thickness Assessment of visual acuity and intraocular pressure Imaging studies such as ultrasound biomicroscopy or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate scleral thickening Laboratory tests to identify underlying autoimmune or infectious causes, including blood work and specific antibody tests Biopsy in rare cases to rule out other ocular or systemic conditions

Treatment Protocols: Systemic corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and alleviate symptoms Immunosuppressive drugs for cases linked to autoimmune conditions Topical or periocular steroid injections to target localized inflammation Antibiotics or antifungal medications if an infectious etiology is identified Addressing systemic disease through collaboration with rheumatologists or infectious disease specialists Supportive care such as pain management and lubricating eye drops Monitoring for potential complications, including scleral thinning or perforation