H15.04

Clinical Causes: Autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or granulomatosis with polyangiitis Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites Idiopathic cases where no specific cause is identified Trauma or injury to the eye Certain systemic conditions that trigger inflammatory responses

Key Symptoms: Severe eye pain, which may worsen with eye movement Redness of the sclera and surrounding areas Sensitivity to light (photophobia) Blurred or decreased vision Tearing or watery eyes Swelling and tenderness around the eye Possible corneal haze or opacification

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis involves a comprehensive eye examination by an ophthalmologist, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy to visualize the sclera and cornea. Additional tests may be conducted to identify underlying causes, such as blood tests for autoimmune markers, cultures for infections, or imaging studies like ultrasound or MRI if needed. The precise assessment of inflammation and corneal involvement helps tailor the treatment plan. Sometimes, a biopsy might be necessary if the diagnosis is uncertain or if the inflammation persists despite initial therapy.

Treatment Protocols: Management of scleritis with corneal involvement typically includes medications to control inflammation and address underlying causes. Common treatments include: - **Corticosteroids**: Topical, oral, or injectable steroids to reduce inflammation. - **Immunosuppressive drugs**: For autoimmune-related cases, drugs like methotrexate or azathioprine may be prescribed. - **Antibiotics or antivirals**: If an infectious origin is identified. - **Pain management**: Analgesics to alleviate discomfort. - **Protective measures**: Eye shields and avoiding irritants. In more severe or resistant cases, hospitalization or surgical intervention might be necessary to preserve vision and restore eye health. Long-term monitoring is crucial to prevent recurrences and minimize complications.