S35.1

Clinical Causes: Blunt or penetrating trauma, such as car accidents or stab wounds Surgical procedures involving the abdomen or liver Accidental injury during medical interventions Severe falls or crush injuries in the lower abdomen or pelvis Tumors pressing against or invading the IVC

Key Symptoms: Severe abdominal or back pain Signs of internal bleeding, including hypotension (low blood pressure) Pale, clammy skin Rapid heartbeat or tachycardia Swelling or distension in the abdomen Possible bruising over the affected area

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosing an IVC injury involves a combination of clinical assessment and imaging studies. These may include: - **Physical Examination:** Checking for signs of bleeding, tenderness, and shock. - **Ultrasound (Doppler or portable bedside scans):** To evaluate blood flow and detect bleeding. - **Computed Tomography (CT) Scan:** Providing detailed images to identify the extent of the injury. - **Angiography:** An invasive imaging procedure to visualize blood vessels and pinpoint the injury site. Early diagnosis is critical to prevent severe blood loss and complications.

Treatment Protocols: Managing an injury to the IVC typically involves emergency medical intervention. Treatment options include: - **Stabilization:** Restoring blood volume with IV fluids and blood transfusions. - **Surgical Repair:** Open surgery to control bleeding, repair the damaged vein, or replace the affected segment. - **Endovascular Techniques:** Minimally invasive procedures such as stent placement to reinforce the vessel. - **Monitoring and Supportive Care:** Intensive care to manage blood pressure, prevent infection, and support organ function. In cases where the hepatic vein is involved, special precautions are necessary due to its critical role in liver drainage. Multidisciplinary teams including trauma surgeons, vascular surgeons, and interventional radiologists typically manage such cases.