D05.11

Clinical Causes: Genetic factors, such as mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes. Hormonal influences, including prolonged exposure to estrogen. Ageing, with higher prevalence in older women. Personal or family history of breast cancer or atypical hyperplasia. Environmental exposures, possibly to carcinogens like radiation.

Key Symptoms: Often no noticeable symptoms in early stages. Detection typically occurs through routine screening mammograms. In some cases, a lump or thickening may be felt in the breast. Nipple discharge or subtle skin changes could be present, though rare.

Diagnosis Path: The diagnosis of DCIS usually involves imaging and tissue sampling. Screenings with mammograms can reveal abnormal calcifications or suspicious areas. A biopsy, often a core needle biopsy, is performed to confirm the presence of carcinoma in situ. Additional imaging methods like MRI may be used to assess the extent of the disease.

Treatment Protocols: Breast-conserving surgery (lumpectomy) to remove the affected tissue. Radiation therapy following surgery to destroy residual abnormal cells. Mastectomy in cases with extensive or multifocal disease. Hormonal therapy, such as tamoxifen, for patients with hormone receptor-positive DCIS. Close follow-up and regular screening to monitor for recurrence.