O00.202

Clinical Causes: Abnormalities in the fertilization process that lead to implantation outside the uterus Previous pelvic or abdominal surgeries that might alter normal anatomy Use of fertility treatments or assisted reproductive techniques, such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) History of pelvic inflammatory disease or infections that damage reproductive organs Hormonal imbalances affecting ovulation and implantation processes Presence of ovarian cysts or other ovarian pathologies that could facilitate abnormal implantation

Key Symptoms: Pelvic pain localized on the left side, which might be sharp or dull Vaginal bleeding or spotting, often lighter than a typical period Feeling of weakness, dizziness, or fainting due to internal bleeding Lower abdominal discomfort or pressure Shoulder pain in some cases, caused by internal bleeding irritating the diaphragm Signs of shock in severe cases, with rapid heartbeat and low blood pressure

Diagnosis Path: Pelvic examination to assess tenderness, masses, or abnormal findings Transvaginal ultrasound to visualize the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus, helping identify abnormal pregnancy location Blood tests measuring levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), which are usually lower or rising irregularly in ectopic pregnancies Serial hCG measurements to monitor hormone levels over time for abnormal patterns Laparoscopy, a minimally invasive surgical procedure, may be performed for definitive diagnosis and treatment

Treatment Protocols: Surgical intervention via laparoscopy to remove the ectopic tissue while preserving the ovary whenever possible In some cases, removal of the affected ovary (oophorectomy) may be necessary if the tissue damage is extensive Medical management with methotrexate, a medication that halts the growth of gestational tissue, suitable for stable patients with small, unruptured pregnancies Monitoring after treatment through follow-up ultrasounds and hCG testing to ensure complete resolution