C60.2

Clinical Causes: Persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly HPV types 16 and 18 Chronic inflammation or irritation of the penile skin Poor personal hygiene leading to smegma accumulation History of penile injuries or trauma Uncircumcised status, especially with inadequate hygiene practices Exposure to tobacco smoke and other carcinogens Immune system disorders reducing the ability to fight off infections and abnormal cell growth

Key Symptoms: Presence of a visible lump or thickening on the shaft of the penis Growth or ulcer that does not heal over time Persistent pain or discomfort in the penis Discharge from the penile lesion, possibly bloody Alterations in skin color or texture on the penis Swelling or enlargement of nearby lymph nodes, especially in the groin

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosing malignant neoplasm of the penis involves several steps to confirm the presence and extent of the cancer: - **Medical history and physical examination:** Assessment of penile lesions and lymph nodes - **Biopsy:** Removal of a tissue sample for microscopic evaluation - **Imaging tests:** Such as ultrasound, MRI, or CT scans to determine the size, location, and spread of the tumor - **Additional tests:** Sometimes performed to evaluate for metastasis or other complications Proper diagnosis is essential to plan the most effective treatment approach and assess prognosis.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options depend on the size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as overall health of the patient: - **Surgical procedures:** - Local excision or wide excision for small, localized tumors - Partial or total penectomy for larger or invasive cancers - Removal of affected lymph nodes in the groin if metastasis is suspected - **Radiation therapy:** Used either as a primary treatment or post-surgery to target residual cancer cells - **Chemotherapy:** Systemic drugs may be employed, especially if the cancer has spread beyond the penis - **Laser therapy:** For superficial lesions, to destroy cancerous tissue with minimal impact - **Rehabilitation and support:** To address physical and emotional aspects following treatment Multidisciplinary management is often recommended to optimize outcomes.