C69.3

Clinical Causes: Genetic mutations leading to abnormal cell growth in the choroid History of ocular melanoma or other eye cancers Certain genetic syndromes or hereditary factors Previous radiation therapy to the eye Less commonly, environmental factors or exposure to carcinogens

Key Symptoms: Visual disturbances such as blurred vision or sudden loss of vision Presence of a dark spot or mass in the eye that can be seen by an eye specialist Floaters or flashes of light A visible pigmented or gray area within the eye Eye pain or redness (less common in early stages) Unequal pupil size or changes in eye appearance

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosing malignant neoplasm of the choroid involves several steps, including a comprehensive eye examination by an ophthalmologist. Diagnostic procedures may include: - **Dilated eye exam**: To visualize the tumor and assess its size and location - **Ultrasound of the eye**: To determine the tumor's depth and extent - **Imaging studies** such as fluorescein angiography and MRI or CT scans: To evaluate the size, spread, and to check for metastasis - **Biopsy**: Sometimes performed, though often diagnosis is based on clinical findings and imaging Early diagnosis is critical, as it allows for better treatment options and improved prognosis.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options for malignant neoplasm of the choroid vary based on tumor size, location, extent, and overall health of the patient. Common treatments include: - **Radiation therapy**: Often involving plaque brachytherapy or external beam radiation to destroy cancer cells - **Surgical removal**: Such as enucleation (removal of the eye) in advanced cases - **Laser therapy**: To target specific tumor areas - **Follow-up and monitoring**: Regular examinations to detect recurrence or metastasis Emerging treatments and clinical trials are continually improving outcomes for patients with this condition. Management strategies aim to control the tumor while preserving as much vision and eye function as possible.