C74.00

Clinical Causes: Genetic mutations that lead to abnormal cell growth in the adrenal cortex Increased risk associated with inherited syndromes such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 1 and type 2 Environmental exposures, though specific links are limited, may contribute History of familial adrenal tumors or other endocrine cancers

Key Symptoms: Unexplained weight loss or gain Persistent abdominal or back pain Hormonal imbalance symptoms such as high blood pressure, muscle weakness, or unexpected hair growth Fainting or episodes of dizziness Enlargement of the affected adrenal gland detected during imaging tests Symptoms related to excess hormone production, including irregular menstrual periods or mood swings

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis begins with detailed medical history and physical examination, emphasizing signs of hormone excess or deficiency. Imaging studies like computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are critical for visualizing the adrenal glands and identifying tumors. Biopsy may be performed to confirm malignancy, although it is often avoided if imaging strongly suggests cancer due to potential risks. Laboratory tests measuring hormone levels, such as cortisol, aldosterone, and androgens, help determine if the tumor is functional (hormone-producing). Additional tests may include adrenal venous sampling and genetic testing to assist in diagnosis and treatment planning.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options primarily include surgical removal of the affected adrenal gland (adrenalectomy), especially if the tumor is localized and operable. For advanced or metastatic cases, systemic therapies such as chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy may be recommended. Hormone therapy could also be necessary to manage hormonal imbalances caused by the tumor. Surgery is usually followed by close monitoring and additional treatments if needed. The specific approach depends on factors like tumor size, spread, patient health, and hormone activity. Multidisciplinary care involving endocrinologists, oncologists, and surgeons is essential for optimal management.