C74.10

Clinical Causes: Genetic mutations that affect cellular growth and division Inherited syndromes such as Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B Family history of adrenal tumors or syndromes Exposure to certain environmental factors or toxins (though rare) Previous radiation therapy to the abdomen

Key Symptoms: High blood pressure due to excess adrenaline production Rapid heartbeat or pounding heart (palpitations) Sweating excessively Headaches Anxiety or feeling of restlessness Pale skin or flushing Habits of sudden episodes of severe hypertension Unexplained weight loss Persistent abdominal pain or discomfort Weakness or fatigue Elevated blood glucose levels

Diagnosis Path: Medical history and physical examination to identify symptoms and risk factors Blood and urine tests to detect elevated levels of catecholamines and their metabolites such as metanephrines and normetanephrines Imaging studies like CT scans or MRI of the abdomen to locate and assess the tumor MIBG scintigraphy, a specialized imaging test that locates neuroendocrine tumors Biopsy is generally avoided due to the risk of tumor spread unless other methods do not provide conclusive results Hormonal assays to evaluate hormone levels produced by the tumor

Treatment Protocols: Surgical removal of the tumor (adrenalectomy) is the primary treatment, especially if the tumor is localized Preoperative management with medications such as alpha-blockers to control blood pressure during surgery Targeted therapy or chemotherapy in cases where the cancer has spread Radiation therapy may be considered in select cases to reduce tumor size or manage symptoms Lifelong follow-up for monitoring recurrence or metastasis, including regular imaging and laboratory tests Management of hormone-related symptoms with appropriate medications