C54.3

Clinical Causes: Hormonal imbalances, particularly with excess estrogen without adequate progesterone Obesity, which can influence hormone levels and increase cancer risk Ageing, with higher risk among women over 50 Family history of uterine or other gynecological cancers History of certain genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome Reproductive history, including nulliparity or having no children Use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), especially unopposed estrogen Previous pelvic radiation therapy Chronic conditions like diabetes or hypertension

Key Symptoms: Unusual vaginal bleeding, particularly after menopause Pelvic pain or pressure Unexplained weight loss Pelvic or lower abdominal discomfort Changes in bowel or bladder habits Watery or blood-tinged vaginal discharge Feeling of fullness or swelling in the pelvic area Fatigue and general feeling of illness

Diagnosis Path: The diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm of the fundus uteri involves several medical evaluations. Initially, a healthcare provider may perform a pelvic examination to check for abnormalities. Imaging tests such as ultrasound can help visualize the uterus and identify any suspicious masses. Endometrial biopsy, where a small tissue sample from the lining of the uterus is taken, is vital for confirming malignancy. Further imaging studies, including MRI or CT scans, may be used to determine the extent of the spread. In some cases, hysteroscopy—an examination of the uterine cavity using a thin camera—can assist in diagnosis. Laboratory tests and cancer staging are also part of the comprehensive assessment process.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options for malignant neoplasm of the fundus uteri depend on the stage and extent of the cancer, as well as the woman’s overall health. Common approaches include: - Surgery: The primary treatment often involves removing the uterus (hysterectomy), sometimes along with fallopian tubes and ovaries. Lymph node removal may be necessary to assess the spread of cancer. - Radiation therapy: Uses high-energy rays to destroy cancer cells, either externally or internally. - Chemotherapy: Administration of anti-cancer drugs to target cancer cells systemically. - Hormonal therapy: May be considered if the cancer is hormone-sensitive, aiming to block hormone effects. - Targeted therapy and immunotherapy: Emerging treatments that focus on specific molecules involved in cancer growth. Follow-up care is essential to monitor for recurrence or complications, with regular check-ups and imaging as recommended by healthcare providers.