O25.1

Clinical Causes: Inadequate dietary intake due to poor nutrition or food insecurity Gastrointestinal conditions affecting nutrient absorption (e.g., malabsorption syndromes, nausea, and vomiting) Psychological factors such as depression or eating disorders Socioeconomic factors limiting access to healthy foods Chronic illnesses that increase nutritional requirements or impair nutrient assimilation Substance misuse, including alcohol or drug dependency Lack of education about nutritional needs during pregnancy

Key Symptoms: Unintentional weight loss or inadequate weight gain during pregnancy Fatigue and weakness Reduced fetal movements reported by the mother Signs of anemia, such as pallor or dizziness Swelling or edema due to nutritional deficiencies Poor hair, skin, and nail health Delayed wound healing or increased susceptibility to infections

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis involves a comprehensive clinical assessment, including medical history and physical examination. Healthcare providers may perform laboratory tests such as blood counts, serum albumin, vitamin and mineral levels, and other relevant investigations. Monitoring fetal growth through ultrasounds can help assess the impact of maternal nutrition on the developing baby. Evaluating dietary habits and socioeconomic factors also contribute to identifying malnutrition.

Treatment Protocols: Addressing malnutrition in pregnancy requires a multidisciplinary approach, including nutritional counseling and tailored dietary plans to improve nutrient intake. Supplementation with prenatal vitamins or specific nutrients such as iron, folic acid, and calcium may be recommended. Managing underlying medical conditions, psychological support, and addressing social determinants of health are critical components. Regular antenatal visits help monitor maternal weight, fetal growth, and overall health to ensure nutritional adequacy throughout pregnancy.