D03.60

Clinical Causes: Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or tanning beds Presence of many moles or atypical moles on the skin A history of excessive sun exposure or sunburns early in life Genetic factors that predispose an individual to skin cancer Weakened immune system, which can prevent the body from repairing damaged skin cells

Key Symptoms: A new, unusual, or changing pigmented lesion on the skin Lesions that are asymmetrical, have irregular borders, or uneven coloration A mole or spot that gradually enlarges over time Lesions that do not heal or itch, bleed, or crust Appearance of a dark streak or irregular pattern within an existing mole

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis typically involves a thorough skin examination by a healthcare professional, who may observe the lesion's characteristics. To confirm melanoma in situ, a skin biopsy is performed, where a sample of the suspicious lesion is taken and examined under a microscope. The pathologist assesses the cellular features to determine whether the melanoma is confined to the epidermis. In some cases, additional imaging or dermoscopy—a non-invasive skin examination—may be used to evaluate the lesion more closely and guide biopsy decisions.

Treatment Protocols: The primary treatment for melanoma in situ is surgical excision, where the affected skin is removed along with a margin of healthy tissue to ensure complete removal. This approach reduces the risk of melanoma progressing to a more invasive form. Other treatment options may include topical therapies, such as immune response modifiers or topical chemotherapy agents, especially for areas where surgery may not be feasible. Regular follow-up examinations are essential to monitor for any new or recurring lesions and to detect early signs of invasive melanoma or other skin cancers.