P77.9

Clinical Causes: Premature birth: Babies born before completing their gestation are at higher risk. Low birth weight: Smaller infants tend to have underdeveloped organs, making NEC more likely. Immature immune system: Newborns with weaker immune defenses are more vulnerable. Feeding practices: Rapid advancement of feedings or formula feeding over breast milk can increase risk. Infections: Bacterial or viral infections may precipitate NEC. Lack of blood supply: Reduced blood flow to the intestines can contribute to tissue damage.

Key Symptoms: Abdominal distension or swelling Bloody stools or other signs of gastrointestinal bleeding Vomiting, which may be bile-stained Lethargy or decreased activity levels Poor feeding or refusal to eat Temperature instability, such as hypothermia or fever Signs of systemic infection, including irritability or poor perfusion

Diagnosis Path: Physical examination to assess abdominal tenderness and bloating Imaging studies such as abdominal X-rays to detect bowel inflammation, gas patterns, or perforation Blood tests to assess infection markers, blood counts, and organ function Stool tests to detect infection or blood presence Assessment of clinical signs and symptoms to establish severity

Treatment Protocols: Hospitalization in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Bowel rest: No feedings to reduce intestinal activity and allow healing Providing nutrition through intravenous fluids or parenteral nutrition Antibiotic therapy to fight infection Monitoring closely for signs of worsening condition or complications Surgical intervention: In severe cases, removal of necrotic sections of the intestine or repair of perforations may be necessary