P03.0

Clinical Causes: Abnormal fetal positioning during pregnancy Multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.) affecting fetal positioning Premature birth, increasing the likelihood of breech presentation Uterine abnormalities or abnormalities in the shape and size that influence fetal movement Previous uterine surgery or scarring that impacts fetal positioning

Key Symptoms: Difficulty if attempting vaginal breech delivery, often necessitating alternative delivery methods Increased risk of birth injuries such as fractures or nerve damage due to extraction techniques Potential signs of hypoxia if delivery is prolonged or complicated Enhanced need for neonatal resuscitation or immediate post-delivery interventions

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis of breech presentation generally begins with prenatal ultrasound examinations during pregnancy. These imaging tests confirm fetal positioning before delivery. During labor, healthcare providers monitor fetal heart rate patterns and may perform a vaginal examination to assess fetal position. If breech is detected at the time of delivery, arrangements for assisted extraction or cesarean section are considered to mitigate risks.

Treatment Protocols: Managing a breech presentation typically involves planned interventions aimed at ensuring safe delivery. These may include: - External cephalic version (ECV): A procedure where healthcare providers manually turn the fetus to a head-down position. - Assisted vaginal delivery: Using specific techniques and tools to aid in extracting the baby, such as forceps or ventouse. - Cesarean section: A surgical operation often recommended if vaginal delivery poses risks, especially in cases of complicated breech presentations. Post-delivery, newborns affected by breech extraction are closely monitored for any injuries or complications. Immediate interventions or treatments are provided if necessary to support the infant's health and development.