E50.2

Clinical Causes: Inadequate dietary intake of vitamin A-rich foods such as liver, dairy products, and orange or green vegetables Malabsorption syndromes like celiac disease, Crohn’s disease, or pancreatic insufficiency that impair vitamin A absorption Liver disorders that affect vitamin A storage and metabolism Chronic illnesses that increase nutritional requirements or decrease intake Certain medications or treatments that interfere with vitamin A metabolism Exclusive breastfeeding without adequate vitamin A supplementation in infants

Key Symptoms: Dryness of the eyes and conjunctiva Corneal xerosis, leading to dryness and thickening of the corneal tissue Night blindness, difficulty seeing in low-light conditions Bitot’s spots—foamy, whitish patches on the conjunctiva Progressive visual impairment if untreated Sensitivity to light and ocular irritation Possible causing of keratomalacia, which can lead to corneal ulceration or perforation

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis of vitamin A deficiency with corneal xerosis is typically based on clinical examination and patient history. An ophthalmologist may observe characteristic eye changes such as dryness, Bitot’s spots, and corneal changes. Blood tests measuring serum vitamin A levels can confirm deficiency. Additional assessments may include evaluating nutritional status and investigating underlying causes like malabsorption or liver issues.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment usually involves vitamin A supplementation, administered as oral doses or injections, depending on severity. Addressing underlying causes such as improving diet or managing malabsorption syndromes is crucial. In cases with significant eye damage, ophthalmological interventions may be necessary to preserve vision. Preventive strategies include promoting a balanced diet rich in vitamin A and providing supplementation in high-risk populations, such as children and pregnant women.