B02.1

Clinical Causes: Reactivation of the varicella-zoster virus, which remains dormant in nerve tissues after chickenpox infection Immunocompromised states such as HIV/AIDS, cancer treatments, or immunosuppressive medications Aging, as immune system decline increases risk Stress or other illnesses that weaken the immune response

Key Symptoms: Severe headache Neck stiffness or pain Sensitivity to light (photophobia) Fever and chills Nausea or vomiting Altered mental status, confusion, or drowsiness Focal neurological signs such as weakness or sensory changes Sometimes a prior or concurrent shingles rash, typically on the torso or face

Diagnosis Path: Detailed medical history and physical examination focusing on neurological signs Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for signs of infection CSF analysis showing elevated white blood cell count, increased protein levels, and decreased glucose Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing of CSF to identify the varicella-zoster virus DNA Brain imaging studies, such as MRI or CT scans, to rule out other causes of neurological symptoms

Treatment Protocols: Antiviral drugs such as acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir to reduce viral replication Pain management with analgesics or nerve pain medications Corticosteroids in some cases to decrease inflammation and cerebral swelling Hospitalization may be necessary, especially in severe cases or if neurological symptoms worsen Monitoring for complications such as increased intracranial pressure or neurological deficits