M35.2

Clinical Causes: Genetic predisposition, particularly in individuals with certain HLA gene types, such as HLA-B51. Environmental factors like bacterial or viral infections that may trigger immune responses. Immune system dysfunction, where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own blood vessels. Geographical factors, as the disease is more prevalent in regions along the Silk Road.

Key Symptoms: Recurrent mouth ulcers that are painful and can interfere with eating and speaking. Genital ulcers, which may resemble mouth ulcers but appear in the genital area. Skin lesions, such as erythema nodosum or acne-like sores. Eye inflammation, which can lead to redness, pain, blurred vision, and, in severe cases, vision loss. Joint pain and swelling, primarily affecting large joints like knees and ankles. Gastrointestinal symptoms, including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bleeding. Central nervous system involvement, leading to headaches, confusion, or neurological deficits. Vascular issues, including blood clots or inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis).

Diagnosis Path: Thorough medical history review highlighting recurrent ulcers and other symptoms. Physical examination to assess skin, eyes, and joint involvement. Blood tests to rule out infections and other autoimmune diseases. Ophthalmologic examinations for eye inflammation detection. Biopsy of skin or mucosal ulcers may sometimes be performed to identify characteristic signs of vasculitis.

Treatment Protocols: Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and suppress immune activity during flare-ups. Immunosuppressive medications such as azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or methotrexate. Biologic agents like tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors for severe cases. Topical treatments for mouth and genital ulcers, including corticosteroid ointments. Eye medications, such as corticosteroid eye drops or patches, to treat eye inflammation. Regular monitoring and follow-up to prevent and manage complications like vision loss.