K80.47

Clinical Causes: Formation of gallstones due to imbalanced substances in bile, such as too much cholesterol or bilirubin. Obstruction of bile flow caused by gallstones blocking the bile ducts. Inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis) that can be either sudden (acute) or long-standing (chronic). Infections involving bacteria that may invade the gallstones or bile ducts. Structural abnormalities or narrowing of the bile ducts that predispose to stone formation and blockage.

Key Symptoms: Severe upper right abdominal pain that may radiate to the back or shoulder. Tenderness and swelling in the abdomen. Nausea and vomiting. Jaundice, characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes. Fever, especially if infection is present. Dark urine and light-colored stools. Symptoms of persistent indigestion or bloating.

Diagnosis Path: Ultrasound imaging to detect gallstones, inflammation, and bile duct obstruction. Blood tests to assess liver function, detect infection, or inflammation markers. Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to visualize bile duct obstructions. Physical examination to identify tenderness, swelling, or signs of jaundice. Assessment of symptoms and medical history to determine the severity and progression.

Treatment Protocols: Hospitalization for severe cases to provide supportive care, including fluids and pain management. Medications such as antibiotics to treat or prevent infection. Cholestyramine or other medications to manage jaundice or reduce bile pigment levels. Procedures like endoscopic removal of gallstones or stenting to unblock bile ducts. Surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), often performed if gallstones recurrently cause problems. Less commonly, surgical removal of bile duct stones may be necessary.