K80.13

Clinical Causes: Excess cholesterol or bilirubin in bile that causes stone formation Gallbladder stasis or inefficient emptying of the gallbladder Certain genetic or metabolic factors increasing stone risk Rapid weight loss or fasting leading to increased cholesterol levels in bile Obesity and Sedentary lifestyle Pregnancy, which can affect bile composition Certain medical conditions such as cirrhosis or infections Age and gender, with higher risk in women and older adults

Key Symptoms: Severe upper right abdominal pain that may spread to the back or shoulder Nausea and vomiting Fever and chills if infection is present Tenderness over the abdomen Jaundice, or yellowing of the skin and eyes, indicating bile duct obstruction Dark urine and light-colored stools Bloating and indigestion

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis involves a combination of medical history, physical examinations, and imaging tests. The key steps include: - **Ultrasound**: The primary imaging tool to detect gallstones, inflammation, and blockages. - **Blood tests**: To check for signs of infection, inflammation, and liver function. - **Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan**: To evaluate gallbladder function. - **Additional imaging**: Such as CT scans or ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography) if needed for detailed visualization or removal of stones.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options aim to relieve symptoms, resolve inflammation, and remove blockages. Common approaches include: - **Hospitalization and supportive care**: Including IV fluids, pain management, and antibiotics if infection is present. - **Surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy)**: Often performed laparoscopically to remove stones and prevent recurrence. - **Endoscopic procedures (ERCP)**: To extract stones from bile ducts and relieve obstructions. - **Medications**: Such as pain relievers and sometimes medications to dissolve certain types of gallstones, although these are less commonly used. - **Lifestyle changes**: Including dietary modifications to reduce fatty foods and improve overall digestion.