B37.9

Clinical Causes: Overgrowth of Candida fungi usually due to a weakened immune system Use of antibiotics, which can disrupt normal flora and allow Candida to proliferate Diabetes, especially if blood sugar levels are poorly controlled Use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressive medications Poor oral hygiene or denture use Certain medical conditions like HIV/AIDS Hormonal changes, such as during pregnancy Diet high in sugar and refined carbohydrates Invasive medical devices like catheters or feeding tubes

Key Symptoms: White or cream-colored patches in the mouth or throat Redness and soreness in affected areas Pain or discomfort when eating or swallowing Loss of taste or an unpleasant taste in the mouth Cracking and redness at the corners of the mouth (angular stomatitis) In more severe cases, difficulty swallowing or feeling of food sticking in the throat In systemic cases, symptoms like fever or chills may occur, although this is less common

Diagnosis Path: Physical examination of the oral cavity and affected areas Review of medical history and symptoms Microscopic examination and culture of a sample from the affected area Biopsy in persistent or unclear cases Blood tests if systemic infection is suspected

Treatment Protocols: Antifungal medications such as nystatin, clotrimazole, or fluconazole Good oral and overall hygiene practices Management of underlying conditions like diabetes Adjustments to medications, if possible, to reduce immunosuppression Denture cleaning and proper fitting if applicable Dietary modifications to reduce sugar intake Addressing dry mouth with saliva substitutes or hydration