B74.1

Clinical Causes: Transmission of Brugia malayi larvae via the bites of infected mosquitoes, primarily of Anopheles, Mansonia, and Aedes species. Living in or traveling to endemic areas where the parasite is common. Lack of preventive measures such as mosquito control or protective clothing.

Key Symptoms: Lymphedema (swelling) primarily in the limbs, genitals, or arms. Episodic fever and chills. Skin thickening and fibrosis over time. Painful swelling of affected areas, often recurring. In some cases, presence of microfilariae in the bloodstream, detectable via laboratory tests. Recurrent infections can cause lymphatic system damage, leading to permanent swelling.

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis typically involves a combination of clinical assessment and laboratory testing. Blood samples may be taken during the night to detect microfilariae—the larvae of Brugia malayi—under microscopy. Serological tests and antigen detection assays can also aid in diagnosis. Imaging studies such as lymphangiography may be used to assess lymphatic damage. Identifying the presence of microfilariae confirms active infection, aiding in appropriate treatment planning.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options focus on killing the microfilariae and managing symptoms. Antiparasitic medications such as diethylcarbamazine (DEC) are commonly used to eliminate circulating larvae. In some cases, doxycycline may be prescribed to target symbiotic bacteria in the worms that help in their survival. Management of lymphedema involves hygiene measures, compression therapy, and sometimes surgical intervention to alleviate persistent swelling. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can prevent severe complications and improve quality of life.