E16.4

Clinical Causes: Gastrin-secreting tumors (gastrinomas), commonly seen in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome Hyperplasia or overgrowth of pancreatic endocrine cells producing excess gastrin Certain genetic disorders affecting hormone regulation Chronic kidney failure impairing hormone clearance Use of medications that affect gastric pH, leading to compensatory gastrin increase Atrophic gastritis causing loss of acid-producing cells and subsequent feedback increase in gastrin

Key Symptoms: Severe and recurrent stomach ulcers Abdominal pain or discomfort Diarrhea or greasy stools Gastrointestinal bleeding, leading to anemia Nausea and vomiting Unintended weight loss Signs of malnutrition in advanced cases In some instances, people may experience heartburn or indigestion

Diagnosis Path: Fasting serum gastrin test to quantify hormone levels Gastric pH measurement to evaluate stomach acidity Imaging studies such as endoscopy, CT scans, or MRI to identify tumors or tissue hyperplasia Secretin stimulation test to differentiate gastrin-secreting tumors from other causes Histological examination of tissue biopsies if tumors or hyperplasia are suspected

Treatment Protocols: Medications that reduce gastric acid secretion, such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2 receptor antagonists Surgical removal of gastrin-secreting tumors or hyperplastic tissue when feasible Treatment of ulcers with medications and lifestyle modifications to prevent complications Monitoring and managing any associated conditions like multiple endocrine neoplasia if present Addressing any underlying causes contributing to hormone overproduction, such as kidney dysfunction