B27.99

Clinical Causes: Primary cause is the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Transmission primarily occurs through saliva, often via kissing, sharing drinks or utensils, or other close contact. Less commonly, the infection can spread through blood and semen during sexual contact or via transfusions. Individuals with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to infection and complications. Reactivation of the latent virus can rarely cause additional health issues without obvious symptoms.

Key Symptoms: Fatigue that persists for weeks or months. Fever, often mild to high. Sore throat, sometimes with tonsillitis or swollen tonsils. Swollen lymph nodes in the neck and armpits. Headache and muscle aches. Loss of appetite and general malaise. Enlarged spleen or liver, which may cause discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen. In some cases, skin rash or nausea.

Diagnosis Path: Medical history review focusing on exposure and symptom duration. Physical examination to identify lymph node swelling, sore throat, or enlarged organs. Blood tests, including complete blood count (CBC) to detect atypical lymphocytes. Serologic tests for specific antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus (like heterophile antibody test). Additional tests may include liver function tests if hepatomegaly is suspected.

Treatment Protocols: Most cases are self-limiting; supportive care is typically recommended. Rest and adequate hydration to help the immune system recover. Pain relievers and fever reducers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen. Throat remedies, including gargling with salt water or throat lozenges. Avoiding strenuous activity, especially contact sports, to prevent injury to an enlarged spleen. Monitoring for complications or worsening symptoms, which may require medical attention.