C63.02

Clinical Causes: Genetic mutations that lead to abnormal cell growth Family history of testicular or epididymal cancer Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) during childhood History of radiation exposure in the pelvic region Environmental factors that may influence cell mutations Certain inherited genetic syndromes

Key Symptoms: Presence of a painless lump or swelling in the epididymis or testicle Discomfort or ache in the scrotal area A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum Enlargement of the affected testicle Hydrocele (fluid accumulation around the testicle) Rarely, signs of metastasis such as back pain or weight loss

Diagnosis Path: Physical examination focusing on the scrotal contents Ultrasound imaging to visualize the testicle and epididymis Blood tests including tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) Histopathological biopsy for definitive diagnosis Imaging studies like CT scans or MRI to check for metastasis

Treatment Protocols: Surgical removal of the affected testicle (orchiectomy), often combined with removal of surrounding tissues if necessary Radiation therapy to target localized cancer cells Chemotherapy to treat or prevent spread, especially in advanced stages Follow-up monitoring through imaging and blood tests to detect recurrence