C63.01

Clinical Causes: Genetic mutations that lead to abnormal cell growth Family history of testicular or reproductive cancers Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) during childhood Previous history of testicular cancer or other gonadal tumors Exposure to certain environmental toxins or carcinogens

Key Symptoms: A painless lump or swelling in the testicle or scrotum Discomfort or a feeling of heaviness in the scrotal area A noticeable mass that increases in size over time A buildup of fluid in the scrotum (hydrocele) Occasional pain or aching in the testicle or groin

Diagnosis Path: Physical examination to identify any lumps or abnormalities Ultrasound imaging of the scrotum to evaluate the structure of the epididymis and testicles Blood tests for tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Biopsy may be performed to confirm cancer diagnosis, though often surgical removal of the affected epididymis is used for definitive diagnosis Additional imaging studies like CT scans or MRI may be used to check for metastasis or spread of the cancer

Treatment Protocols: Surgical removal of the affected epididymis (epididymectomy) and sometimes the testicle (orchiectomy) Radiation therapy to target cancer cells in localized areas Chemotherapy to address potential spread or systemic disease Monitoring and follow-up to detect any recurrence or metastasis Supportive care and counseling to help manage side effects and emotional impact