P37.1

Clinical Causes: Mother becomes infected with Toxoplasma gondii during pregnancy. The parasite is transmitted through contaminated food or water, undercooked meat, or contact with infected cat feces. Infection occurs when the immune system of the mother is unable to eliminate the parasite before it crosses the placenta. The risk of transmission and severity depends on the stage of pregnancy during which the infection occurs.

Key Symptoms: Hydrocephalus, characterized by swollen head size and increased pressure inside the skull. Intracranial calcifications—small calcium deposits in the brain tissue. Chorioretinitis—an eye condition causing inflammation and potential vision loss. Other neurological or developmental delays. In some cases, infants may show no immediate signs at birth but develop symptoms later.

Diagnosis Path: Serological tests for maternal and infant antibodies (such as IgM and IgG antibodies) to detect infection. Ultrasound imaging of the fetus to identify structural anomalies like hydrocephalus or calcifications. Genetic and molecular testing of the infant’s cerebrospinal fluid or blood for Toxoplasma DNA. Postnatal physical examination and observation of signs and symptoms. Additional imaging studies, like MRI, may be used to assess brain involvement.

Treatment Protocols: Antiparasitic medications, such as pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, and folinic acid, administered to the infant to control infection. Supportive care tailored to manage symptoms like hydrocephalus, which may require surgical intervention such as ventricular shunt placement. Regular monitoring of neurological development and eye health. Multidisciplinary care involving pediatric neurologists, ophthalmologists, and infectious disease specialists. Early intervention and developmental therapies to support optimal growth and development.