C62.91

Clinical Causes: Genetic factors and family history of testicular cancer. Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) during childhood. History of testicular cancer in the contralateral testis. Certain genetic syndromes, such as Klinefelter syndrome. Environmental exposures, although their role is not well established. High levels of androgens or estrogen. Personal history of testicular trauma or infections, with limited evidence.

Key Symptoms: A painless lump or swelling in the testicle. A feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the scrotum. A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum. A dull ache in the groin or lower abdomen. A sense of fullness or pain in the testicle or scrotum. Enlargement of the testicle or noticeable changes in its size or shape. Rarely, symptoms may include back pain or symptoms from metastatic spread.

Diagnosis Path: The diagnostic process involves several steps to confirm the presence of a tumor, determine its stage, and plan appropriate treatment. These include: - Physical Examination: Checking for lumps, swelling, or abnormalities in the testicles. - Ultrasound: Imaging test to evaluate testicular masses and distinguish between benign and malignant conditions. - Blood Tests: Measuring tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) to support diagnosis. - Imaging Studies: Chest X-ray, CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis to assess for metastasis. - Surgical Exploration and Biopsy: Usually performed via inguinal orchiectomy to remove the affected testis for histopathological examination.

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options depend on the stage and type of the tumor, as well as the patient's overall health. Common approaches include: - Surgery: Inguinal orchiectomy is the primary treatment, removing the affected testicle. - Radiation Therapy: Used for seminomas or metastatic disease to target cancer cells. - Chemotherapy: Employs drugs like cisplatin-based regimens to eliminate cancer cells, especially in advanced stages. - Surveillance: Active monitoring post-treatment to detect recurrence, often suitable for early-stage tumors. - Additional Surgery: May be required for removing residual tissue or lymph nodes involved with cancer. The prognosis for testicular cancer is generally favorable, particularly if diagnosed early. Regular follow-up is essential to monitor for recurrence and manage any side effects of treatment.