C62.9

Clinical Causes: Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism), which increases the risk of developing testicular cancer. Family history of testicular cancer or other hereditary conditions. Personal history of testicular cancer in the opposite testicle. Certain genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome. Age, with most cases diagnosed in men between 15 and 35 years old. Environmental factors, possibly including exposure to certain chemicals or toxins, though research is ongoing. History of testicular trauma or infections has not been conclusively linked to increased risk.

Key Symptoms: Painless lump or swelling in one testicle. A feeling of heaviness or aching in the scrotum or groin area. A dull ache or discomfort in the lower abdomen or back. Sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum. Enlargement or tenderness of the testicle. Gynecomastia (enlarged breast tissue in males), though less common.

Diagnosis Path: Physical examination by a healthcare provider to detect abnormalities like lumps or swelling. Ultrasound of the scrotum to visualize testicular masses. Blood tests measuring tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Imaging studies including CT scans or MRI to check for spread (metastasis). Biopsy is generally avoided due to risk of spreading cancer, and diagnosis often relies on surgical removal of the affected testicle for definitive histopathological examination.

Treatment Protocols: Radical inguinal orchiectomy, which involves surgical removal of the affected testicle. Surgical procedures to remove affected lymph nodes if the cancer has spread. Chemotherapy to target cancer cells and treat metastasis. Radiation therapy, which may be used in certain types of testicular cancer, especially seminomas. Follow-up care including regular imaging and blood tests to monitor for recurrence. Supportive care and counseling to address physical and emotional impacts of treatment.