C62.02

Clinical Causes: Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism) that fails to descend properly during fetal development Genetic and familial factors, including a history of testicular cancer in family members Hormonal imbalances that affect testicular development Environmental factors such as exposure to certain chemicals or toxins Previous testicular injuries or conditions that affect testicular health Chromosomal abnormalities or syndromes linked to reproductive development

Key Symptoms: A painless lump or swelling in the testicle A feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the scrotum or lower abdomen A dull ache or discomfort in the groin or lower back Enlargement or swelling of the affected testis Rarely, symptoms may include a sudden collection of fluid or a sensation of pulling or tugging In advanced cases, symptoms associated with metastasis, such as cough, shortness of breath, or abdominal swelling

Diagnosis Path: Physical examination to identify a lump, swelling, or abnormal size of the testis Ultrasound imaging to evaluate the testicle and distinguish between benign and malignant masses Blood tests (tumor markers) such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Imaging studies like CT scans or MRI to detect the spread of cancer to other parts of the body Biopsy is generally avoided due to risk of spreading the cancer, instead, surgical removal of the testis (orchidectomy) is performed for definitive diagnosis

Treatment Protocols: Surgical removal of the affected testis (orchidectomy) is the primary treatment Radiation therapy may be employed, particularly for seminomas or localized disease Chemotherapy to eliminate cancer cells, especially if the cancer has spread beyond the testis Follow-up care involving regular imaging and blood tests to monitor for recurrence Additional treatments like retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in certain cases