C62.10

Clinical Causes: Genetic factors and family history of testicular cancer Undescended testicle (cryptorchidism), which increases the risk History of testicular cancer in the other testis Certain genetic syndromes such as Klinefelter syndrome Exposure to environmental chemicals or toxins Personal history of HIV infection or other immune deficiencies

Key Symptoms: A painless lump or swelling in the testicle A feeling of heaviness or discomfort in the scrotum Dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin An enlargement or change in size of the testis Rarely, sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosing malignant neoplasm of the descended testis involves several steps to confirm the presence of cancer and determine its extent. Healthcare providers typically use the following methods: - **Physical Examination:** Inspection and palpation of the testicles and surrounding tissues. - **Ultrasound Imaging:** To assess the size, shape, and internal characteristics of the testis and detect any abnormal masses. - **Blood Tests:** Checking for tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). - **Imaging Scans:** CT scans, MRI, or chest X-rays may be used to evaluate the spread of the cancer. - **Biopsy:** Often not performed pre-surgery; instead, tissue is examined after surgical removal of the testis (orchiectomy).

Treatment Protocols: Treatment options depend on the stage of the tumor, the patient's overall health, and preferences. Common approaches include: - **Surgical Removal:** Orchiectomy, which involves removing the affected testis. - **Chemotherapy:** Uses drugs to target and destroy cancer cells; often administered after surgery if cancer has spread. - **Radiation Therapy:** Less commonly used but can be an option for certain types of testicular cancer. - **Surveillance:** Regular follow-up exams, imaging, and blood tests to monitor for recurrence, particularly in early-stage cases. Multidisciplinary care involving urologists, oncologists, and radiologists is essential for optimal outcomes. Early detection and treatment are crucial for improving prognosis.