J45.4

Clinical Causes: Genetic factors that predispose individuals to asthma Environmental exposures such as allergens (pollen, dust mites, pet dander) Respiratory infections, particularly during childhood Exposure to irritants like tobacco smoke, air pollution, or chemical fumes Physical activity or exercise that triggers airway constriction

Key Symptoms: Frequent coughing, especially at night or early morning Wheezing or whistling sounds when breathing Shortness of breath during exertion or at rest Chest tightness or discomfort Difficulty performing daily activities due to asthma symptoms

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosing moderate persistent asthma involves a combination of medical history review, physical examination, and lung function tests such as spirometry. These tests measure airflow and airway responsiveness. Doctors may also perform allergy testing to identify potential triggers. Asthma is typically diagnosed based on the pattern and severity of symptoms, as well as response to treatment.

Treatment Protocols: Long-term control medications, such as inhaled corticosteroids, to reduce airway inflammation Long-acting beta-agonists (LABAs) to relax airway muscles and improve airflow Quick-relief (rescue) inhalers, like albuterol, for immediate symptom relief during attacks Regular monitoring of lung function to adjust treatment as needed Avoidance of known triggers, including allergens, irritants, and exercise-induced factors Developing an asthma action plan in coordination with healthcare providers to manage symptoms and recognize worsening conditions