T46.1X3

Clinical Causes: Accidental overdose, especially in elderly individuals or those with cognitive impairments. Intentional overdose or suicide attempts, often involving individuals with mental health concerns. Misunderstanding of medication instructions or accidental ingestion by children. Errors in prescribing or dispensing medication leading to higher than recommended doses.

Key Symptoms: Low blood pressure (hypotension) Slow heart rate (bradycardia) Dizziness or lightheadedness Nausea and vomiting Flushing and skin rash Confusion or altered mental state Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath Muscle weakness

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis involves a detailed medical history review, including medication intake history and possible exposure. Physical examination focuses on cardiovascular and neurological signs. Laboratory tests, such as blood alcohol level and toxicology screens, can detect the presence of calcium-channel blockers. Blood tests to assess kidney and liver function, as well as electrolytes, are also conducted. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are used to evaluate heart rhythm and function, helping to identify bradycardia or heart block resulting from poisoning.

Treatment Protocols: Supportive care: monitoring vital signs continuously and providing intravenous fluids to maintain blood pressure. Activated charcoal: administered if the poisoning is recent to limit drug absorption. Specific antidotes: such as calcium salts, which help counteract the effects of the overdose on the heart and blood vessels. Vasopressors: medications that constrict blood vessels to elevate blood pressure, used in severe hypotension. Inotropic agents: drugs to support heart function when needed. Calcium infusion therapy: to reverse the effects of the overdose on cardiac cells. Advanced interventions: in critical cases, procedures like temporary pacing or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be necessary. Prevention of complications: including management of arrhythmias and supporting vital organ functions.