T46.1X2

Clinical Causes: Intentional overdose as a form of self-harm or suicide attempt Misuse or abuse of calcium-channel blocker medications Accidental ingestion, especially in individuals with mental health challenges Lack of awareness about the dangers of medication overdose

Key Symptoms: Severe hypotension (low blood pressure) Bradycardia (slow heart rate) Dizziness and lightheadedness Nausea and vomiting Confusion or disorientation Respiratory depression or difficulty breathing Loss of consciousness or coma Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes indicating cardiac conduction abnormalities Weak or absent pulses Collapse or shock in severe cases

Diagnosis Path: The diagnosis of calcium-channel blocker poisoning involves a combination of clinical evaluation, patient history, and laboratory tests. Healthcare professionals may perform blood tests to identify elevated drug levels and assess organ function. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are used to detect cardiac arrhythmias or conduction issues. A thorough examination to exclude other causes of similar symptoms and confirm intentional ingestion is essential for proper treatment planning.

Treatment Protocols: Administration of activated charcoal to limit further absorption if the ingestion was recent Intravenous fluids to support blood pressure and organ perfusion Use of vasopressors to treat severe hypotension Calcium infusion to counteract the effects of the toxin on the heart Administration of bolus doses of glucagon, which can help improve heart contractility Use of atropine to treat bradycardia Mechanical ventilation in cases of respiratory failure Continuous cardiac monitoring for arrhythmias In severe cases, advanced therapies like extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) may be necessary Psychiatric evaluation and support post-stabilization to address underlying mental health issues related to self-harm