I60.02

Clinical Causes: Aneurysm rupture in the carotid siphon or bifurcation area. Congenital blood vessel abnormalities. Hypertension (high blood pressure) leading to vessel weakening. Vascular inflammation or disease. Smoking and substance abuse that impact vessel integrity. Familial predisposition to aneurysms or vascular malformations.

Key Symptoms: Sudden severe headache, often described as the worst headache ever experienced. Neck stiffness and neck pain. Nausea and vomiting. Sensitivity to light (photophobia). Loss of consciousness or fainting spells. Seizures in some cases. Sudden weakness or numbness, especially on one side of the body. Visual disturbances or double vision.

Diagnosis Path: Diagnosis typically involves urgent medical evaluation, including neuroimaging tests such as computed tomography (CT) scans of the head. If bleeding is suspected but not visible on CT, a lumbar puncture can help detect blood in the cerebrospinal fluid. Cerebral angiography may be performed to pinpoint the exact location and cause of bleeding, such as an aneurysm. Brain MRI and other vascular imaging techniques can also provide detailed views of blood vessels and help guide treatment planning.

Treatment Protocols: Initial treatment focuses on stabilizing the patient and controlling bleeding. Medical management may include blood pressure regulation, pain control, and measures to prevent complications like vasospasm. Surgical options include procedures to clip the aneurysm or endovascular coiling, which involves inserting coils to block blood flow into the aneurysm. Long-term management involves regular monitoring for potential recurrence, managing risk factors like hypertension, and rehabilitation services to address any neurological deficits resulting from the hemorrhage.